Klasifikasi Hacker

Karena tanggapan-tanggapan negative tentang hacker maka dibuat lah sebuah Etica Hacker or Hacker Ethic yang membawa pengertian hacker pada pengertian yang positif, yang mana mengakui bahwa menerobos kedalam sistem komputer secara ilegal adalah perbuatan buruk.

Tetapi, menemukan dan meng-exploitasi mekanisme keamanan merupakan tindakan yang legal dan tentunya bermanfaat bagi pengembangan sistem tersebut, maka dari itu terbentuk lah beberapa kelompok Hacker seperti:

1. Kelompok White Hat Hacker.
White Hat hacker adalah suatu kelompok yang dapat bekerja sendiri ataupun bekerja sama dengan client untuk mengamankan sistem mereka.

2. Kelompok Black Hat Hacker.
Black Hat hacker ini adalah suatu kelompok yang tidak mengindahkan etica, black hat melakukan eksploitasi sistem untuk kepentigan pribadi ataupun kepentingan polotik.

3. Kelompok Gray Hat Hacker.
Gray Hat Hacker adalah penengah diantara kedua kelompok tadi yang merupakan kombinasi dari kedua kelompok tersebut. Umumnya kelompok ini tidak bermaksud untuk melakukan penyerangan terhadap suatu sistem secara sengaja, tetapi eksploitasi yang mereka lakukan ada kalanya dapat mengakibatkan kerugian.

Nah itulah 3 kelompok dari hacker, so don't judge a book by a cover. Kenali mereka lebih dalam, setelah itu barulah kita dapat mengambil sebuah kesimpulan dan pandangan tentang mereka.

People who use Linux must be use Terminal (a command interface in Linux). To use it, first you must know the default command in terminal. Here some basic command in Linux.

xkill = Kills a running program
exit = Exits the terminal
reboot = Reboots the system
halt = Shutsdown the computer
startx = Starts xwindows from terminal
man = man(command)shows help files
info = info(command) shows help files
--help = (command)--help shows help files
su = Allow you to login as Super User

ls = "Lists" the contents of the directory
pwd = Displays "present working directory"
cd = cd (name) change directory TO:(name)
mkdir = mkdir (name) Makes new directory
rmdir = rmdir (name) Removes directory
clear = Clears the terminal window

date = Displays current date and time
cal = Displays a calander
uptime = Displays time since last reboot
df = Displays the disk usage on partitions
du = Displays disk usage of directory

id = Displays your identification to system
groups = Displays groups of current user
ulimit -a = Displays users limits
uname = Displays name of machine logged into
who = Displays "who" is logged on the system
w = Similar to "who"

wall = Sends message to all logged in users
top = Displays cpu processes memory etc
ps = Displays current running processes

$ opera = To start a program "like Opera" type the name at the command prompt


RPM's Mandrake and RedHat

rpm -q = Check if installed already
rpm -ih = To Install the rpm
rpm -Uvh = To Update a program using an rpm

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apropos file = List tons of file commands

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Many of the commands listed above have
options that can be added to change the
output of that command. To see what they are
do a : man (command) and it will show you the
options.

There're so many commands in Linux, commands above just basic command. Hope this can help you :)

Membuat Desktop Lebih Setabil

Langkah optimalisasi kinerja desktop sebagai berikut:
Run>regedit>HKEY_CURRENT_USER>Software>Microsoft>Windows>CurrentVersion>Explorer
1. Buat sebuah DWORD Value baru dan beri nama DesktopProcess
2. Klik ganda DesktopProcess dan masukkan angka 1 pada Value Data

Windows 7 Interface Tips

1. Customise The Log-On Screen
First, browse to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Authentication\LogonUI\Background in REGEDIT, double-click the DWORD key called OEMBackground (not there? Create it) and set its value to 1.

Now find a background image you'd like to use. Make sure it's less than 256KB in size, and matches the aspect ratio of your screen as it'll be stretched to fit.

Next, copy that image into the %windir%\system32\oobe\info\backgrounds folder (create the info\backgrounds folders if they don't exist). Rename the image to backgroundDefault.jpg, reboot, and you should now have a custom log-on image.

Alternatively, use a free tweaking tool to handle everything for you. Logon Changer displays a preview so you can see how the log-on screen will look without rebooting, while the Logon Screen Rotator accepts multiple images and will display a different one every time you log on.


2. Auto Arrange Your Desktop
If your Windows 7 desktop has icons scattered everywhere then you could right-click it and select View > Auto arrange, just as in Vista. But a simpler solution is just to press and hold down F5, and Windows will automatically arrange its icons for you.


3. Remove Taskbar Buttons
One problem with the previous tip is the buttons will gobble up valuable taskbar real estate, but you can reduce the impact of this by removing their text captions. Launch REGEDIT, browse to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop\WindowMetrics, add a string called MinWidth, set it to 54, and reboot to see the results.

4. Desktop Slideshow
Windows 7 comes with some very attractive new wallpapers, and it's not always easy to decide which one you like the best. So why not let choose a few, and let Windows display them all in a desktop slideshow? Right-click an empty part of the desktop, select Personalise > Desktop Background, then hold down Ctrl as you click on the images you like. Choose how often you'd like the images to be changed (anything from daily to once every 10 seconds), select Shuffle if you'd like the backgrounds to appear in a random order, then click Save Changes and enjoy the show.


5. RSS-Powered Wallpaper
And if a slideshow based on your standard wallpaper isn't enough, then you can always create a theme that extracts images from an RSS feed. For example, Long Zheng has created a few sample themes to illustrate how it works. Jamie Thompson takes this even further, with a theme that always displays the latest BBC news and weather on your desktop. And MakeUseOf have a quick and easy tutorial showing how RSS can get you those gorgeous Bing photographs as your wallpaper. Or you can watch our custom theme video tutorial.


6. Recover Screen Space
The new Windows 7 taskbar acts as one big quick launch toolbar that can hold whatever program shortcuts you like (just right-click one and select Pin To Taskbar). And that's fine, except it does consume a little more screen real estate than we'd like. Shrink it to a more manageable size by right-clicking the Start orb, then Properties > Taskbar > Use small icons > OK.


7. Enjoy a Retro Taskbar
Windows 7 now combines taskbar buttons in a way that saves space, but also makes it more difficult to tell at a glance whether an icon represents a running application or a shortcut. If you prefer a more traditional approach, then right-click the taskbar, select Properties, and set Taskbar Buttons to "Combine when taskbar is full". You'll now get a clear and separate button for each running application, making them much easier to identify.


8. Browse Your Tasks
If you prefer the keyboard over the mouse, you will love browsing the taskbar using this nifty shortcut. Press Windows and T, and you move the focus to the left-most icon on the taskbar. Then use your arrow keys to change the focus to other icons, and you get a live preview of every window.


9. Right-Click Everything
At first glance Windows 7 bears a striking resemblance to Vista, but there's an easy way to begin spotting the differences - just right-click things.
Right-click an empty part of the desktop, for instance, and you'll find a menu entry to set your screen resolution. No need to go browsing through the display settings any more.
Right-click the Explorer icon on the taskbar for speedy access to common system folders: Documents, Pictures, the Windows folder, and more.
And if you don't plan on using Internet Explorer then you probably won't want its icon permanently displayed on the taskbar. Right-click the icon, select 'Unpin this program from the taskbar', then go install Firefox, instead.


10. Restore The Quick Launch Toolbar
If you're unhappy with the new taskbar, even after shrinking it, then it only takes a moment to restore the old Quick Launch Toolbar.

Right-click the taskbar, choose Toolbars > New Toolbar, type "%UserProfile%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Quick Launch" (less the quotes) into the Folder box and click Select Folder.

Now right-click the taskbar, clear 'Lock the taskbar', and you should see the Quick Launch toolbar, probably to the right. Right-click its divider, clear Show Text and Show Title to minimise the space it takes up. Complete the job by right-clicking the bar and selecting View > Small Icons for the true retro look.


11. Display Your Drives
Click Computer in Windows 7 and you might see a strange lack of drives, but don't panic, it's just Microsoft trying to be helpful: drives like memory card readers are no longer displayed if they're empty. We think it's an improvement, but if you disagree then it's easy to get your empty drives back. Launch Explorer, click Tools > Folder Options > View and clear 'Hide empty drives in the computer folder'.


12. Disable Smart Window Arrangement
Windows 7 features interesting new ways to intelligently arrange your windows, so that (for example) if you drag a window to the top of the screen then it will maximise. We like the new system, but if you find it distracting then it's easily disabled. Run REGEDIT, go to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop, set WindowArrangementActive to 0, reboot, and your windows will behave just as they always did.


13. See More Detail
The new and improved Windows 7 magnifier offers a much easier way to zoom in on any area of the screen. Launch it and you can now define a scale factor and docking position, and once activated it can track your keyboard focus around the screen. Press Tab as you move around a dialog box, say, and it'll automatically zoom in on the currently active control.


14. Custom Power Switch
By default, Windows 7 displays a plain text 'Shut down' button on the Start menu, but it only takes a moment to change this action to something else. If you reboot your PC a few times every day then that might make more sense as a default action: right-click the Start orb, select Properties and set the 'Power boot action' to 'Restart' to make it happen.